Costs of Pollution
(2012 $)
Cost of Pollution
Cost of Air Pollution
Cost of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Cost of Noise Pollution
Cost of Water Pollution
Cost of Solid Waste
What are we measuring?
Many different types of pollution have negative effects on society. We
calculate the costs of water pollution, air pollution, solid waste disposal,
noise pollution, and greenhouse gases. Water pollution impacts human health,
harms wildlife, decreases water security, harms recreational opportunities, and
decreases the value of homes adjacent to waterbodies. Air pollution has a direct
effect on human health, increasing the rate of heart attacks, asthma, and other
maladies in populations with poor air quality. Solid waste disposal can impact
human health if it is not done properly, lowers home values, and takes up land
which could be used for a more productive purpose. Noise pollution can also
cause negative impacts on human health, raising rates of hypertension and heart
attacks, along with decreasing the ability of people to concentrate, making
learning more difficult. Greenhouse gases increase the current and future
effects of climate change, with a resulting economic impact.
Trends 2012-2019
Overall the costs associated with pollution in Maryland increased by 1% from 2012 to 2013 and increased by 4.7% from 2013 to 2014. All pollutant costs decreased from 2012 to 2013, except for cost of water pollution. All costs either held constant or decreased from 2013 to 2014, excepting the cost of both greenhouse gas emissions and again water pollution. From 2014 to 2015 all costs again either held constant or decreased, with the continued exception of the costs of greenhouse gas emissions and water pollution. This does not indicate that water pollution increased, but is indicative of spending increasing to meet water quality goals as part of the Chesapeake Clean Water Blueprint, an interstate effort to clean up the Bay by 2025.
- GHG Emissions
Costs of greenhouse gas emissions have shown an decreasing trend from 2012 to 2019, reflecting progress being made through the actions required by the Maryland Greenhouse Gas Reduction Act. The Greenhouse Reduction Act - which was renewed and updated in 2016 to reflect new emission and economic goals - plans on a 40% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by the year of 2030.
Calculation
The cost of air pollution in Maryland was calculated from the amount of
pollutant emitted (extrapolated using data from the USEPA National Emissions
Inventory) and costs per amount of pollutant from literature values (Muller et
al. 2011). The cost of noise pollution was calculated using the spatial analysis
of noise done by the National Park Service and costs from modifying the Transport Noise Marginal Values Model (U.K. Department for Environment Food & Rural Affairs, publication number 142228) for the conditions in Maryland. Costs for decibel levels greater than 45 were calculated and applied to areas in Maryland meeting those conditions. Greenhouse gas emissions were derived from the Energy Information Administration state database and the cost was estimated to be a median estimate of the social cost of carbon from the US EPA, of $110 per ton of carbon emitted. The cost of water pollution was assumed to be equal to the costs incurred to meet clean water goals, i.e. spending by the Bay Restoration Fund, the Chesapeake & Atlantic Coastal Bays Trust Fund and MDA Water Quality Cost Share. The cost of solid waste was calculated using waste generated data from Maryland Department of the Environment (link), with costs for waste landfilled and recycled estimated at $88 per ton and $215 per ton, respectively. These costs were less revenue from homeowner associations (from household expenditures) and sale of recycled materials (estimated to be $125 per ton).
Muller, Nicholas Z., Robert Mendelsohn, and William Nordhaus. 2011.
"Environmental Accounting for Pollution in the United States Economy." American Economic Review, 101(5): 1649-75.